Sunday, March 31, 2013

Patients of Tulsa doctor line up to get tested

TULSA, Okla. (AP) ? About 150 to 200 patients of a Tulsa oral surgeon accused of unsanitary practices queued outside a health clinic Saturday, hoping to discover whether they had been exposed to hepatitis or the virus that causes AIDS.

Letters began going out in stages Friday to 7,000 patients who had seen Dr. W. Scott Harrington during the past six years ? warning them that poor hygiene at his clinics created a public health hazard. The one-page letter said how and where to seek treatment but couldn't explain why Harrington's allegedly unsafe practices went on for so long.

Testing for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and the virus that causes AIDS began at 10 a.m. Saturday, but many arrived early and stood through torrential downpours.

Kari Childress, 38, showed up at the Tulsa Health Department North Regional Health and Wellness Center at 8:30 a.m., mainly because she was nervous.

"I just hope I don't have anything," said Childress, who had a tooth extracted at one of Harrington's two clinics five months ago. "You trust and believe in doctors to follow the rules, and that's the scariest part."

Inspectors found a number of problems at the oral surgeon's clinics in Tulsa and suburban Owasso, according to the state Dentistry Board, which filed a 17-count complaint against Harrington pending an April 19 license revocation hearing. According to the complaint, needles were reinserted into drug vials after being used on patients, expired drugs were found in a medicine cabinet and dental assistants administered sedatives to patients, rather than the doctor.

One patient, Orville Marshall, said he didn't meet Harrington until after he had two wisdom teeth pulled about five years ago at the Owasso clinic. A nurse inserted the IV for his anesthesia; Harrington was there when Marshall came to.

"It's just really scary, it makes you doubt the whole system, especially with how good his place looked," said Marshall, 37.

An instrument set reserved for use on patients with infectious diseases was rusty, preventing its effective sterilization, and the office autoclave ? a pressurized cleaner ? was used improperly and hadn't been certified as effective in at least six years, according to the complaint.

Dr. Matt Messina, a practicing dentist in Cleveland and a consumer adviser for the American Dental Association, said creating a safe and hygienic environment is "one of the fundamental requirements" before any dental procedure can be performed.

"It's not hard. It just takes effort," he said.

Weekly autoclave testing can be performed for less than $400 annually, according to the website of the Autoclave Testing Services of Pearl River, New York.

Autoclaves themselves typically can be purchased for $1,000 to $8,000, depending on their size and features. And an average dental practice can expect to pay more than $40,000 a year in equipment, tools and supplies alone, according to several dental organizations.

Attempts to reach Harrington have been unsuccessful. No one answered the door Thursday at his home, which property records show is worth more than $1 million. His practice a few miles away, in a tony section of the city where plastic surgeons operate and locals congregate at bistros and stores like Saks Fifth Avenue, has a fair-market value of around $851,000.

His malpractice lawyer, Jim Secrest II, did not respond to phone messages left Thursday or Friday. A message at Harrington's Tulsa office said it was closed and an answering service referred callers to the Tulsa Health Department.

State epidemiologist Kristy Bradley and Tulsa Health Department Director Bruce Dart sent letters Friday to all 7,000 patients they found in Harrington's records, urging them to be screened. More patients may be at risk, but Harrington's files go back only to 2007.

Nursing student Anisa Lewis, 22, said Harrington had a good reputation in the community, and her friends recommended his practice when she had to get her wisdom teeth taken out in 2005.

"I'm a little nervous because I read the complaints filed against him, and in nursing school, we're taught how to handle and clean our instruments, she said. "It was very shocking to read some of the allegations," which she called "far beyond the pale of the precautions you're supposed to be taking."

Susan Rogers, the executive director of the state Dentistry Board, said her agency has a budget of around $1 million, much of that generated from license renewal fees and dentist certification. It also has only five employees to monitor more than 2,000 dentists.

The state Dentistry Board's website revealed part of the problem.

"With three incoming telephone lines and essentially one person handling the phones, emails, snail mail, renewals, new license/permit applications, walk ins ... we will miss phones calls," the website says.

"So follow the instructions on the message," the site says. "We will respond to your request as soon as we can in the order in which it is received, but it will take time. We appreciate your patience."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/patients-tulsa-doctor-line-tested-154913563.html

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Physics Week in Review: March 30, 2013

We have been Down Under in the Land of Oz all week, but Jen-Luc Piquant has been zealously compiling cool physics-y links for you anyway. By the time you read this, we will be landing in Los Angeles, arriving earlier than we left Sydney. Time travel! Of a sort?.

Yowza! Scientists from Zhejiang University in China have made a graphene aerogel that?s less than one-seventh the density of air.

In other graphene-related news, a lab ?accident? may solve your annoying battery problems, according to this article in Slate. UCLA grad student Maher El-Kady ?wondered what would happen if he placed a sheet of graphite oxide?an abundant carbon compound?under a laser. And not just any laser, but a really inexpensive one, something that millions of people around the world already have?a DVD burner containing a technology called LightScribe, which is used for etching labels and designs on your mixtapes?. The simple trick produced very high-quality sheets of graphene, very quickly, and at low cost.? I also love this quote by Kaner:
?Nothing in science is actually an accident?it only looks like that way when you look back.?

Researchers at Stanford Linear Accelerator have created an x-ray beam with two slightly different colors. ?Tuning the color of the x-rays will allow researchers to pick out specific atomic and molecular dynamics like how bonds break and rearrange in chemical reactions.?

The NOvA neutrino detector, technically still under construction, has nonetheless already begun to take data from cosmic rays.

Young Albert Einstein, 1882. Via Brainpicker.

Ladies and gentlemen: Albert Einstein as a toddler. He had a certain confident savoir-faire even then.

Justice & the Sign for Equality. In honor of civil rights for all when it comes to marriage, John Ptak tracks down when the ? = ? sign first appears in print ? in Robert Recorde?s The Whetstone of Witte, published in 1557.

Dinosaur-killing impact set the world on fire: Researchers argue forcefully that the ensuing heat set off global forest fires.

Neutrino Oscillations Are Cool. OPERA snags it third tau neutrino: the experiment has caught a muon neutrino oscillating into a tau neutrino, an extremely rare event.

Socrates (In The Form Of A 9-Year-Old) Shows Up In A Suburban Backyard In Washington. Per Robert Krulwich: ?This 9-year-old ? what he knows is different. It?s not local; it can?t be found looking under a couch. It?s mind stuff, found mostly in books or college classrooms, or by letting your mind run free.?

Georgia Tech and Purdue scientists made a recyclable solar cell. Now solar energy is truly renewable.

I lived in Washington, DC, for six years, and well remember the news stories about exploding manhole covers. Has the mystery finally been explained? ?Researchers who mapped methane concentrations on the streets of the nation?s capital found natural gas leaks everywhere, at concentrations of up to 50 times the normal background levels, they reported here last week at a meeting of the American Physical Society. The leaking gas wastes resources, enhances ozone production, and exacerbates global warming ? not to mention powering the city?s infamous exploding manholes.?

From the "Black Hole" series by Fabian Oefner: http://www.fabianoefner.com/64838/1159918/projects/black-hole

The physics of fluids in spellbinding color (see photo, right)! Per io9: ?Switzerland-based photographer Fabian Oefner has a knack for exploring the intersection of science and art. In his latest work, he pours a variety of colored paints over a rod connected to a power drill to produce some remarkable shots of fluid in motion. Who knew combining acrylics with power tools could be so beautiful??

A blob of ?intelligent? goo can compute solutions to Traveling Salesman problem and produces a route map as well. It didn?t even need to consult Google maps.

What happens when you ?turn off? gravity in the new game Parallax? Mega-coolness, that?s what.

Watch Oppenheimer recall witnessing Trinity nuclear test in 1945. ?I am become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds.?

The philosophy of the Higgs: ?Is there a role for philosophy in physics? Should physicists listen to philosophers?? Particle physicist Michael Kr?mer hangs out with philosophers and learns that one should be wary of irrelevant blondes.

Counter-intuitive, but apparently true, based on analysis of cell phone data: Strong Social Ties Hinder the Spread of Rumours.

Eeek! The Blob is hungry! Actually it?s magnetic paste. And it?s kind of awesome.

Blasphemy! Historical contingency and the futility of reductionism: Why chemistry (and biology) is not physics. Ashutosh Jogalekar makes the argument: ?The reductionist zeitgeist of physics cannot ?explain? chemistry any more than ?entropy? explains the inexorable march of life from birth to death.? Discuss.

Prince Rupert?s Drop: The Curious Properties of a Molten Glass Blob Dropped in Cold Water:

What an 18th century treatise on population can teach us about energy resources: Revisiting Thomas Malthus.

This week?s adventure in patent pseudoscience: Introducing the Terahertz Egg, with water imprinting! Just don?t ask the applicant to specify exactly how this happens.

I wish we?d known about these spiffy waveform wedding rings by Japanese artist/designer Sakurako Shimizu when the Time Lord and I got married five years ago. Each one is custom made, ?etched with a waveform of a couple?s voices uttering any words they choose.? What could be more romantic than that?

Waveform wedding rings by Japanese artist and designer Sakurako Shimizu. Source: io9.

?

If a dry tree pops sap bubbles in the woods, does it make a sound? YES! In certain conditions, tree sap may reach extreme negative pressures and emit popping sounds.

Learn about Charles Munroe, the man who used letters to make explosions more destructive: ?You can etch words into metal with an explosion, and those words reveal a startling thing about how explosives work.?

Can the Ice Wall in Game of Thrones Survive Science? tl;dr: ?no.? Scientists are such killjoys.

And finally, speaking of Game of Thrones (Season 3 premiere on Sunday!), okay, it?s not related to physics in any way, but we adore this Game of Thrones Random Death Generator, which helpfully lets you know how you?d die in Westeros. Per the Mary Sue: ?Because you wouldn?t live. Let?s be honest here.?? My favorite: ?Stabbed by Arya Stark for Standing in Her Way (Served You Right).? But the generator told me I was choked to death by an imprisoned Jaime Lannister instead. C?est la vie! Far better than being ?bored to death by Catelyn.?

Winter is coming.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=2830f634321de1652452dd57297dc003

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Saturday, March 30, 2013

Imagine All the People Turning Blue And Green

Science Talk

Science writer Dennis Meredith talks about his new science fiction book The Rainbow Virus, in which a bioterror plot turns people all the colors of the rainbow.

More Science Talk

Science writer Dennis Meredith talks about his new science fiction book The Rainbow Virus, in which a bioterror plot turns people all the colors of the rainbow and more.


Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=8074f573ae8017fefdf86f9685de7f62

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Picking apart photosynthesis: New insights could lead to better catalysts for water splitting

Mar. 28, 2013 ? Chemists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory believe they can now explain one of the remaining mysteries of photosynthesis, the chemical process by which plants convert sunlight into usable energy and generate the oxygen that we breathe. The finding suggests a new way of approaching the design of catalysts that drive the water-splitting reactions of artificial photosynthesis.

"If we want to make systems that can do artificial photosynthesis, it's important that we understand how the system found in nature functions," says Theodor Agapie, an assistant professor of chemistry at Caltech and principal investigator on a paper in the journal Nature Chemistry that describes the new results.

One of the key pieces of biological machinery that enables photosynthesis is a conglomeration of proteins and pigments known as photosystem II. Within that system lies a small cluster of atoms, called the oxygen-evolving complex, where water molecules are split and molecular oxygen is made. Although this oxygen-producing process has been studied extensively, the role that various parts of the cluster play has remained unclear.

The oxygen-evolving complex performs a reaction that requires the transfer of electrons, making it an example of what is known as a redox, or oxidation-reduction, reaction. The cluster can be described as a "mixed-metal cluster" because in addition to oxygen, it includes two types of metals -- one that is redox active, or capable of participating in the transfer of electrons (in this case, manganese), and one that is redox inactive (calcium).

"Since calcium is redox inactive, people have long wondered what role it might play in this cluster," Agapie says.

It has been difficult to solve that mystery in large part because the oxygen-evolving complex is just a cog in the much larger machine that is photosystem II; it is hard to study the smaller piece because there is so much going on with the whole. To get around this, Agapie's graduate student Emily Tsui prepared a series of compounds that are structurally related to the oxygen-evolving complex. She built upon an organic scaffold in a stepwise fashion, first adding three manganese centers and then attaching a fourth metal. By varying that fourth metal to be calcium and then different redox-inactive metals, such as strontium, sodium, yttrium, and zinc, Tsui was able to compare the effects of the metals on the chemical properties of the compound.

"When making mixed-metal clusters, researchers usually mix simple chemical precursors and hope the metals will self-assemble in desired structures," Tsui says. "That makes it hard to control the product. By preparing these clusters in a much more methodical way, we've been able to get just the right structures."

It turns out that the redox-inactive metals affect the way electrons are transferred in such systems. To make molecular oxygen, the manganese atoms must activate the oxygen atoms connected to the metals in the complex. In order to do that, the manganese atoms must first transfer away several electrons. Redox-inactive metals that tug more strongly on the electrons of the oxygen atoms make it more difficult for manganese to do this. But calcium does not draw electrons strongly toward itself. Therefore, it allows the manganese atoms to transfer away electrons and activate the oxygen atoms that go on to make molecular oxygen.

A number of the catalysts that are currently being developed to drive artificial photosynthesis are mixed-metal oxide catalysts. It has again been unclear what role the redox-inactive metals in these mixed catalysts play. The new findings suggest that the redox-inactive metals affect the way the electrons are transferred. "If you pick the right redox-inactive metal, you can tune the reduction potential to bring the reaction to the range where it is favorable," Agapie says. "That means we now have a more rational way of thinking about how to design these sorts of catalysts because we know how much the redox-inactive metal affects the redox chemistry."

The paper in Nature Chemistry is titled "Redox-inactive metals modulate the reduction potential in heterometallic manganese-oxido clusters." Along with Agapie and Tsui, Rosalie Tran and Junko Yano of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are also coauthors. The work was supported by the Searle Scholars Program, an NSF CAREER award, and the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. X-ray spectroscopy work was supported by the NIH and the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Synchrotron facilities were provided by the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, operated by the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by California Institute of Technology. The original article was written by Kimm Fesenmaier.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Emily Y. Tsui, Rosalie Tran, Junko Yano, Theodor Agapie. Redox-inactive metals modulate the reduction potential in heterometallic manganese?oxido clusters. Nature Chemistry, 2013; 5 (4): 293 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1578

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/zABlV4-Gj0A/130329125305.htm

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Digital evolution: DNA may bring computers to life

By Tanya Lewis
LiveScience

The transistor revolutionized electronics and computing. Now, researchers have made a biological transistor from DNA that could be used to create living computers.

A transistor is a device that controls the flow of electrons in an electrical circuit, which acts as an on-off switch. Similarly, the biological transistor? termed a transcriptor ? controls the flow of an enzyme as it moves along a strand of DNA?(deoxyribonucleic acid). These cellular building blocks could be used to do anything from monitoring their environment to turning processes on and off in the cells. The findings were reported Thursday?in the journal Science.

"Transcriptors are the key component behind amplifying genetic logic," lead author Jerome Bonnet, a bioengineer at Stanford University, said in a statement. On their own, these devices do not represent a computer, but they allow for logical operations, such as "if this-then that" commands, one of three basic functions of computers (the other two being storing and transmitting information).

To make the transcriptors, the researchers took a group of natural proteins, the workhorses of cells, and used them to control how the enzyme known as RNA polymerase zipped along a DNA molecule. The team used these transcriptors to create the mathematical operators that perform computations using Boolean logic.

1s and 0s
Boolean logic, named for the 19th-century mathematician George Boole, refers to a branch of math in which variables can have a true or false value (a 1 or a 0). In a Boolean circuit, the logic gates are like traffic conductors, deciding which of these values gets transmitted. [Album: The World's Most Beautiful Equations]

For example, the "AND" gate takes in two values as input, and only outputs 1 (a true value) if both inputs are 1. An "OR" gate, by contrast, outputs a 1 if either of its inputs is 1. Combining these simple gates in different ways gives rise to even the most complex forms of computing.

The scientists created biological versions of these logic gates, by carefully calibrating the flow of enzymes along the DNA (just like electrons inside a wire). They chose enzymes that would be able to function in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, so that biological computers might be made with a wide variety of organisms, Bonnet said.

Living Computers
Like the transistor, one main function of the transcriptor is to amplify signals. Just as transistor radios amplify weak radio waves into audible sound, transcriptors can amplify a very small change in the production of an enzyme to produce large changes in the production of other proteins. Amplification allows signals to be carried over large distances, such as between a group of cells.

The new technology offers some electric possibilities: sensing when a cell has been exposed to sugar or caffeine, for example, and storing that information like a value in computer memory. Or telling cells to start or stop dividing depending on stimuli in their environment.

The researchers have made their biological logic gates available to the public to encourage people to use and improve them.

Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter?and Google+.?Follow us @livescience, Facebook?and Google+. Original article on?LiveScience.com.

Copyright 2013 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653377/s/2a23293c/l/0Lscience0Bnbcnews0N0C0Inews0C20A130C0A30C290C175177270Edigital0Eevolution0Edna0Emay0Ebring0Ecomputers0Eto0Elife0Dlite/story01.htm

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Moss Moments: Week 23- Pregnant with Placenta Accreta/Percreta ...


{background info- Hello! My name is Jenifer and this is the story of my high-risk pregnancy. ?I am currently pregnant with my eighth child (A BOY!!) and was diagnosed with Placenta Previa and Placenta Percreta. ?I also have Beta Thalassemia which contributes to severe anemia. ?While this has been a difficult pregnancy and we anticipate a difficult delivery, IT IS WORTH IT! ?

We NEVER regret our decision to get pregnant with this baby and are so grateful for this experience!!

?Accreta affects about 1 in 2500 pregnancies. ?(It is pretty rare!) ?If you have had previous uterine surgeries, your risk of Accreta increases to 1 in 500. ?I have had two previous c-section and one D&C, following a miscarriage. ?Although I was at risk, prior to being diagnosed with this condition, I never knew Placenta Accreta existed. ?

Would I have decided not to have another baby if I knew I had a greater risk of Accreta?? ?NO. ?To me, the gift of bringing a baby into the world outweighs the risk of something being wrong. ?For years I knew I had another little boy waiting to come to my family. ?This pregnancy is a gift, I believe LIFE is worth the risk. ?

I would however, have opted NOT to have a D&C for my miscarriage if I knew it would threaten my ability to have save pregnancies in the future. ?I would also NEVER choose a c-section for convenience-- my c-sections were both emergency. ?I am also glad that I found a doctor willing to deliver my last baby VBA2C. ?Vaginal deliveries are better and safer. ?(Abortions also greatly increase your risk of Accreta.) ?Surgery in your uterus DOES affect your ability to have healthy babies in the future. ?Mothers need to be made aware of this BEFORE we choose optional surgeries.

What is Accreta? ?Accreta is where your placenta attaches to your uterine wall instead of to the lining of your uterus. ?There are three different levels-- Accreta, Increta, and Percreta. ?Accreta is where your placenta is attached to the first layer of uterine wall, deeper than the lining-- often Accreta's can still deliver and save the uterus. ?Increta is where the placenta has grown into the muscle wall of the uterus-- this usually requires a c-section/hysterectomy. ?The rarest form of Accreta is Percreta where the placenta actually grows through the wall of the uterus and attaches to other organs in the?abdomen? ?Percreta?is very dangerous and will require a c-section and repair of other internal organs that are affected. ?Percreta?affects only 6% of all who have Accreta. ?Most commonly, Percreta involves the uterus which is in front of the uterus (anterior placenta). ?Sometimes Percreta?involves?the bowels with a posterior placenta. ?Rarely it involves the uterus, bladder, cervix and bowels... ?this is my condition.

Often, Placenta Previa and Accreta or?Percreta?go together. ?Placenta Previa means your placenta is at the bottom of your uterus over your cervix. ?(Most healthy placentas attach high up in the uterus.) ?When the placenta is low, it is more likely to be positioned over old c-section scars (which are usually in the bottom front of your uterus.) ?It is easier for the placenta to attach and seep through old scar tissue than it is for placenta to attach to healthy uterine wall-- this makes sense to me. ?It is important to note, however, that you can have?Percreta?or even Accreta on your first pregnancy, or without any previous uterine surgeries. ?This condition is just one of those things that could happen in life.

Accreta is most dangerous when undetected prior to birth. ?After the baby is delivered, the doctor will try to deliver the placenta. ?When the placenta is attached to the uterine lining, it will come out easily. ?When the placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus, it will be difficult to remove after birth. ?Undetected?Accreta?will usually result in a placenta that tears during delivery- some comes out and some remains inside the uterus?hemorrhaging.? While they are cleaning up the recently delivered baby, the mother will start to feel sick, often begin throwing up and then will begin to?hemorrhage? ?Wise doctors will recognize the?hemorrhage?and rush the mother into an emergency hysterectomy where the uterus will be removed to stop the bleeding. ?If the mother has an undetected Percreta, as they remove the uterus, the bladder will tear and they will need to reconstruct the bladder also. ?Diagnosing this condition prior to birth is so important.

Accreta can be diagnosed by careful ultrasound?technicians?pretty early in pregnancy.?
Here are some warning signs that helped them diagnose me--
1- I bled early in my pregnancy (the first 12 weeks). ?I believe that I miscarried a twin and in the process shed much of my natural uterine lining making it easier for the remaining placenta to attach directly to the uterine wall. ?Accreta is not supposed to cause bleeding early in your pregnancy-- but, i do know others who have had a similar experience.
2- Early ultrasound showed a low-lying placenta. ?Placenta?Previa?paired with previous c-sections should immediately raise a red flag that Accreta might be present.
3- My placenta had Lacunae or black lakes in it. ?In the ultrasound, my placenta looked like Swiss cheese. ?It has gotten more swiss cheesey as it has grown, but the black lakes were certainly present early on and were good early warning signs.
4- ?I just knew something was wrong. ?Although my OB continually assured me that things were "fine" ?I just didn't feel like this was a normal pregnancy. ?I pushed to see a specialist and the minute the fetal medicine doctor saw my ultrasound he diagnosed me. ?Trust that gut feeling you have and seek the proper diagnosis.
5- Scoping my bladder showed placenta vessels invading.

My placenta is on the anterior wall of my uterus adhered to the myometrium, directly over my previous c-section scars, and has spread (like a cancer) to other organs in my abdomen, mainly my bladder, my cervix, and my colon. ?Doctors also note that my Percreta covers almost my whole placenta, not a small portion. ?They are hoping to begin steroid shots at 32 weeks and deliver with a large team of specialists (and a lot of waiting blood) no later than 34 weeks (that will be around June 1st). ?If I begin bleeding prior to 32 weeks, they will life flight me to OHSU. ?Spotting or bleeding will probably mean I'll be hospitalized prior to 32 weeks.

My delivery will be a scheduled surgery in the main OR. ?They expect over 20 doctors and it could take up to 8 or 9 hours. ?The last two?Percreta?patients at OHSU required 40 units of blood transfused and had a very intense surgery. ?A healthy adult only has about 10-12 units of blood in their body. ?Yeah, that is a lot of blood loss!

I am currently being treated by a team of specialists at OHSU. ?The head doctor I work with is in Perinatology and Fetal Medicine, my surgeon is in Gynecology/Oncology, I have a Hematologist that specializes in Obstetrics and a Urologist. ?Additionally they are coordinating with the blood bank to ensure there is enough blood ready for my extensive surgery and I've met with Anesthesiologists. ?In time, I will meet the NICU team. ?Yes, I have MANY doctor appointments. ?We feel SO blessed to have this baby and to be in the hands of skilled doctors. ?

I have been on complete pelvic rest and modified bed rest since 12 weeks of pregnancy. ?My husband and other kind family members are taking care of my home and family while I spend most of my days sitting or laying. ?This time of resting has been difficult, but it has also been a great gift. ?I am thankful for every week that this baby is growing bigger and healthy inside of my womb. ?I can't wait to meet this little guy-- our grand finale!!

This is a record of my pregnancy for my family and for those of you who may be experiencing something similar. ?Yes, I share a lot, perhaps too much. ?Thank you for being a part of this journey with me. ?I am one who learns much from the experiences of others and I'm happy to share my experience with you, in the hopes that somehow it may help.}

Week 23-- ?

Doctor Appointments.

Hematology-
They continue to do a lot of blood work to see if I'm having a hemalytic reaction to my blood transfusions.
I feel good and my blood looks good, so no transfusions.
She explained a lot of blood stuff that went over my head. ?Basically, I needed the assurance that they would be prepared with blood when the time comes for my surgery.
This doctor wants me to call her directly if I am concerned or begin to feel bad. ?I had been trying to leave messages with her nurses or nurse practitioners when I felt I was having a reaction and she said in the future contact her directly. ?Thank goodness!
Blood is looking good this month!
She ordered more lab work and sent me over to do labs following our appointment.

Perinatology-
Prior to my appointment I had another intense ultrasound which lasted over an hour- both external and vaginally.
The baby looks good, but my placenta is not good.
The whole bottom of my uterus looks like Swiss cheese placenta... there is no?discernible?defining line where the uterus usually is.

I can not accurately describe what it is like to see my ultrasound. ?It is almost UNBELIEVABLE.

Your uterus is like a balloon, on the right (or front of your body) is your bladder. ?The tie at the bottom is your cervix that opens during delivery to let out the baby and placenta, and to the left (or back) is your bowels and intestines. ?Other organs are squished all around your continually expanding balloon uterus.
On an ultrasound you can usually see the border of your uterus. ?It looks like a white line, in the shape of a big circle. ?The placenta is usually inside the border of the uterus. ?The bladder also looks like a smaller circular spot next to your uterus, and your cervix looks like a thick, fat carrot at the bottom.

On my ultrasound the whole bottom of my uterus looks like a blanket of swiss cheese placenta. ?You can't really see ANY uterus border... it's just placenta with a lot of small lakes of blood. ?Amidst this placenta there is a bigger lake-like thing, that is my bladder. ?There is a darker, hard to make out carrot shape, that is my cervix, and there is a mess of placenta and bowel. ?It's bad looking.

My room was full of doctors and residents and a sonographer and an even better sonographer and I'm asking questions like, "Is that my cervix?" ?"Is that my bladder?" ?And they are all looking at the screen with this look of "Wow. ?That's bad." ?I say, "So, they'll probably have to remove my cervix too." ?And they say, "Yes, definitely." ?It is UNREAL.

The sonographer was really trying to see the back of my uterus to determine how my placenta was involved with my bowels and intestine. ?She was using a stick ultrasound up INSIDE me. ?As she was trying to see deeper back into me she kept asking me to scoot down further. ?I finally laughed and told her I could scoot further down, but she would need to do an episiotomy if she was actually going to see any further inside me. ?(Sorry if that was too graphic.) ?Just another fun day on the ultrasound table.

The prognosis-- my placenta is attaching to my bladder (like we had seen previously), but it is also merging with my cervix and appears to be growing through the back of my uterus also, where my colon and intestine are located. ?AHH!!! ?That was new to me and not so good to hear.

My doctor thinks I look great and am doing well. ?She said she will not rest easy until my uterus is out of my body.

The "worst case" scenario?is that I will need to do some reconstructive surgery of my bladder and my bowels after delivery. ?(As if I can even say worst case, because I suppose it could ALWAYS be worse.) ?That surgery will involve a bag for urine and a?separate?bag for stool coming out of my abdomen for 4 months before they can reattach my bowels and bladder. ?(I still need to read up on this stuff-- I know a few people who have had this, is it called a colostomy?) ?Blah!! ?That didn't sound too fun to me. ?Hopefully it won't come to that.

This doctor said, "Don't worry, Dr. M (the oncology surgeon) is masterful with bowel reconstruction. ?She's a great surgeon." ?I am comforted by this, but would rather NOT need a masterful bowel reconstruction. ?I told my Perinatolgist that Dr. M seemed to think my surgery wasn't too horrible. ?With a laugh (meaning, yes, it is horrible), she explained to me that was NOT because it wasn't a tough surgery, it was only because I am skinny and in good shape. ?She said that I should heal well and am easier to operate on than someone heavier. ?I am glad I have SOMETHING positive going for me (I bet even that could change after 2 more months of low activity and high hunger... ha!)

Test Results.
CBC- Hemoglobin 8.3, Hematocrit 27
Echocardiogram-- very normal!
Ultrasound- shows?Percreta?in the anterior and posterior part of my uterus... blah.

Physically at 23 weeks.
I still really feel good. ?I'm grateful that my mom is here caring for my home and family so that I can rest.
I try to get out often and visit with friends.
I do not lay down all the time (it makes me feel horrible!)
I sit and walk a bit, take car trips, go to church, watch movies and plays, and do things with my family.
I am not lifting heavy things, running or climbing stairs, driving, or walking for long periods of time.
(I am SO grateful I am NOT bleeding!!)
I do nap or rest frequently. ?I am rarely alone at home or in the car (in case I begin to hemorrhage.)
I am in a lot of lower abdomen pain of I do too much, so i feel good about my limited activity level.

Mentally at 23 weeks.
We have had friends come visit and book groups at my house. ?My kids often invite friends over and I try to continue watching my kids play basketball or sing in their middle school play. ?Todd and I sneak out to dinner and a movie when we can. ?The more social I remain the happier my soul seems to be. ?I am so grateful for all that I can still do so I don't spend much time focused on what I'm not doing.

I wrote a big LONG post about how I deal with each item on my "not so good" list. ?(I'll publish that tomorrow in case you want to read for a few hours...)
Basically, my mentality is-- ?Life is good, even when it's hard.
Things could always be worse.
Most hard things come hand in hand with great blessings-- treasures of learning and growth that you would never have without experience.
And perspective-- ?People are going through hard things every day.
If they can do it, I can too.
A little "CRAP" in my life is nothing I can't handle.

Sometimes I get down and whine and tantrum... and those are good days too. ?They make me appreciate the times when I feel faithful.

Today, I feel faithful.
Life is good, with or without proper plumbing.
Please, take a second the next time you are sitting on the toilet and just BE GRATEFUL for all you CAN do ?(or doo doo).
ha!

Source: http://toddnjenifermoss.blogspot.com/2013/03/week-23-pregnant-with-placenta.html

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Friday, March 29, 2013

Parkinson's disease protein gums up garbage disposal system in cells

Friday, March 29, 2013

Clumps of ?-synuclein protein in nerve cells are hallmarks of many degenerative brain diseases, most notably Parkinson's disease.

"No one has been able to determine if Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, hallmark pathologies in Parkinson's disease can be degraded," says Virginia Lee, PhD, director of the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.

"With the new neuron model system of Parkinson's disease pathologies our lab has developed recently, we demonstrated that these aberrant clumps in cells resist degradation as well as impair the function of the macroautophagy system, one of the major garbage disposal systems within the cell."

Macroautophagy, literally self eating, is the degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular bits and pieces by a compartment in the cell called the lysosome.

Lee, also a professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and colleagues published their results in the early online edition of the Journal of Biological Chemistry this week.

Alpha-synuclein (?-syn ) diseases all have clumps of the protein and include Parkinson's disease (PD), and array of related disorders: PD with dementia , dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In most of these, ?-syn forms insoluble aggregates of stringy fibrils that accumulate in the cell body and extensions of neurons.

These unwanted ?-syn clumps are modified by abnormal attachments of many phosphate chemical groups as well as by the protein ubiquitin, a molecular tag for degradation. They are widely distributed in the central nervous system, where they are associated with neuron loss.

Using cell models in which intracellular ?-syn clumps accumulate after taking up synthetic ?-syn fibrils, the team showed that ?-syn inclusions cannot be degraded, even though they are located near the lysosome and the proteasome, another type of garbage disposal in the cell.

The ?-syn aggregates persist even after soluble ?-syn levels within the cell are substantially reduced, suggesting that once formed, the ?-syn inclusions are resistant to being cleared. What's more, they found that ?-syn aggregates impair the overall autophagy degradative process by delaying the maturation of autophagy machines known as autophagosomes, which may contribute to the increased cell death seen in clump-filled nerve cells. Understanding the impact of ?-syn aggregates on autophagy may help elucidate therapies for ?-syn-related neurodegeneration.

###

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine: http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/

Thanks to University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 42 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127519/Parkinson_s_disease_protein_gums_up_garbage_disposal_system_in_cells

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Alaska lawmaker apologizes for racial slur

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Rep. Don Young, the gruff Republican veteran who represents the entire state of Alaska, issued an apology after referring to Hispanic migrant workers as "wetbacks."

The 79-year-old Young, the second-most senior Republican in the House, issued a statement late Thursday saying he "meant no disrespect" in using the derogatory term to describe the workers on his father's farm in central California, where he grew up.

"Wetbacks" often refers to Mexican migrants who have entered country illegally, and Young's use of the word will not sit well with Republican Party efforts to temper its hard-line positions on illegal immigrants and current efforts in Washington to reforming the immigration system.

"Shame on Don Young," said Congressional Hispanic Caucus chairman Ruben Hinojosa, D-Texas. "It is deeply disheartening that in 2013, we are forced to have a discussion about a member of Congress using such hateful words and racial slurs."

Young, discussing the labor market during an interview with radio station KRBD in Ketchikan, Alaska, said that on his father's ranch, "we used to have 50-60 wetbacks to pick tomatoes." He said, "It takes two people to pick the same tomatoes now. It's all done by machine."

In his statement, Young said he had "used a term that was commonly used during my days growing up on a farm in central California. I know that this term is not used in the same way nowadays and I meant no disrespect."

He added that during the interview, he had "discussed the compassion and understanding I have for these workers and the hurdles they face in obtaining citizenship" and said the country must tackle the issue of immigration reform.

Among his jobs before entering politics were teaching school to indigenous Alaskans and working as a tugboat captain in the Yukon. Since entering Congress in 1973, Young has been known for his hot temper, his salty language and his independent streak.

As resources committee chairman in the late 1990s, he took on environmentalists and the Bill Clinton administration in pushing for oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and logging in Alaska national forests. He headed the transportation committee during much of the George W. Bush administration, during which he defied his own party's anti-tax positions by supporting an increase in the federal gas tax to help pay for bridge and highway construction.

It was under Young's chairmanship that the "bridges to nowhere," two proposed Alaska construction projects, became a symbol for questionable special projects inserted into spending bills.

He also is currently under investigation by the House Ethics Committee, which is looking into whether he failed to report gifts on his annual disclosure forms, misused campaign funds and lied to federal officials. The investigation comes from an earlier Justice Department probe into whether Young accepted gifts in return for political patronage. Young has said that Justice cleared him of those charges.

"I've been under a cloud all my life," he told reporters in Juneau Thursday. "It's sort of like living in Juneau. It rains on you all the time. You don't even notice it."

Young said he plans to run for re-election next year, saying he doesn't know anyone who can do a better job than he does in representing the state.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/alaska-lawmaker-apologizes-racial-slur-120726971.html

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Thursday, March 28, 2013

Diverse bacteria on fresh fruits, vegetables vary with produce type, farming practices

Mar. 27, 2013 ? Fresh fruit and vegetables carry an abundance of bacteria on their surfaces, not all of which cause disease. In the first study to assess the variety of these non-pathogenic bacteria, scientists report that these surface bacteria vary depending on the type of produce and cultivation practices.

The results are published March 27 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Jonathan Leff and Noah Fierer at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

The study focused on eleven produce types that are often consumed raw, and found that certain species like spinach, tomatoes and strawberries have similar surface bacteria, with the majority of these microbes belonging to one family. Fruit like apples, peaches and grapes have more variable surface bacterial communities from three or four different groups. The authors also found differences in surface bacteria between produce grown using different farming practices.

The authors suggest several factors that may contribute to the differences they observed, including farm locations, storage temperature or time, and transport conditions. These surface bacteria on produce can impact the rate at which food spoils, and may be the source of typical microbes on kitchen surfaces. Previous studies have shown that although such microbes don't necessarily cause disease, they may still interact with, and perhaps inhibit the growth of disease-causing microbes. The results of this new research suggest that people may be exposed to substantially different bacteria depending on the types of produce they consume.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Public Library of Science.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Jonathan W. Leff, Noah Fierer. Bacterial Communities Associated with the Surfaces of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (3): e59310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059310

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/kBX0D1wTFq0/130327190542.htm

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Obesity may be linked to microorganisms living in the gut

Wednesday, March 27, 2013

How much a person eats may be only one of many factors that determines weight gain. A recent Cedars-Sinai study suggests that a breath test profile of microorganisms inhabiting the gut may be able to tell doctors how susceptible a person is to developing obesity.

The study, published online Thursday by The Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, shows that people whose breath has high concentrations of both hydrogen and methane gasses are more likely to have a higher body mass index and higher percentage of body fat.

"This is the first large-scale human study to show an association between gas production and body weight ? and this could prove to be another important factor in understanding one of the many causes of obesity", said lead author Ruchi Mathur, MD, director of the Diabetes Outpatient Treatment and Education Center in the Division of Endocrinology at Cedars-Sinai.

The study, which will also appear in JCEM's April 2013 issue, analyzed the breath content of 792 people. Based on the breath tests, four patterns emerged. The subjects either had normal breath content, higher concentrations of methane, higher levels of hydrogen, or higher levels of both gases. Those who tested positive for high concentrations of both gases had significantly higher body mass indexes and higher percentages of body fat.

The presence of methane is associated with a microorganism called Methanobrevibacter smithii. This organism is responsible for the majority of methane production in the human host.

"Usually, the microorganisms living in the digestive tract benefit us by helping convert food into energy. However, when this particular organism? M. smithii ? becomes overabundant, it may alter this balance in a way that causes someone to be more likely to gain weight," Mathur said.

These organisms scavenge hydrogen from other microbes and use it to produce methane ? which is eventually exhaled by the host. Researchers theorize this interaction helps neighboring hydrogen-producing bacteria thrive and extract nutrients from food more efficiently. Over time, this may contribute to weight gain.

"Essentially, it could allow a person to harvest more calories from their food," Mathur said.

In an ongoing study funded by the American Diabetes Association, Mathur is working to confirm the link between M. smithii, obesity and pre-diabetic conditions by determining how efficiently people digest food before and after eliminating the microorganism with a targeted dose of antibiotic. Participants who have evidence of methane on their breath are given a standard diet over three days, undergo an oral glucose challenge, and swallow a "smart pill" to track how fast the food moves through their bodies. In addition, their stool is collected and sent for calorie analysis allowing researchers to determine how many calories are being harvested during digestion. Participants then repeat the same tests after taking the antibiotic regimen to see if elimination of the organism results in measureable changes.

"This should let us know just how energy balance is affected by M. smthii," Mathur said, "We're only beginning to understand the incredibly complex communities that live inside of us. If we can understand how they affect our metabolism, we may be able to work with these microscopic communities to positively impact our health."

###

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center: http://www.csmc.edu

Thanks to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

This press release has been viewed 31 time(s).

Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127481/Obesity_may_be_linked_to_microorganisms_living_in_the_gut

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FX to launch new cable channel for younger adult audience

By Dave Warner (Reuters) - The winner of one of the biggest Powerball jackpots of all time owes $29,000 in overdue child support payments, the Passaic County, New Jersey, sheriff's office said on Thursday. Pedro Quezada, 44, a county resident who is married and the father of five children ages 5 to 23, was the sole winner of a $338 million jackpot on Saturday. Because he chose the lump sum option, instead of annual payments over 30 years, he will actually receive $211 million, lottery officials said on Thursday. Officials said that is the third-largest lump sum payment in Powerball history. ...

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/fx-launch-cable-channel-younger-adult-audience-181141462--finance.html

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Centzy Raises $1.6M Seed Round From Cowboy Ventures, Founder Collective, Lightbank & Others To Bring Offline Biz Data To Web & Mobile

Centzy logoCentzy, a local search startup which is putting prices, store hours, ratings and specials for convenience-oriented businesses online, is today announcing $1.6 million in seed funding from Cowboy Ventures, Founder Collective, Lightbank, ff Venture Capital, and strategic angels found on AngelList.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/GSJLJndXWfg/

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School: Teen stabbed in Target store recovering

(AP) ? A 16-year-old girl who was used as a shield and stabbed by a homeless man who fled into a downtown Target store after a fight was visiting Pittsburgh with her family while on spring break from her school in Tennessee, authorities said Tuesday.

Allison Meadows, who attends Silverdale Baptist Academy in Chattanooga, Tenn., is expected to fully recover from a collapsed lung and other wounds, the school said on its website. She was grabbed by her attacker Monday and stabbed, along with two men who were chasing him, as she stood in the checkout lanes with her family, police spokeswoman Diane Richard said Tuesday.

Police said Leon Raymond Walls, 41, ran into the store wielding a knife about 5:30 p.m. Monday after a fight nearby. Walls at first headed toward the restrooms in the back of the store in the East Liberty neighborhood and at least two men entered the store searching for him, police said. Witnesses said one of the men had a baseball bat.

Police said one of the men will need surgery to repair an injury to his face; the other man was treated for a hand injury and released. A police officer was taken to a hospital to be treated for pepper spray exposure. A bystander who helped subdue Walls complained of chest pains and also was taken to a hospital, where he was listed in stable condition.

Walls was in custody Tuesday. He was unable to post $250,000 bond, court records show, and no home address or attorney was listed for him.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-03-26-Target%20Store%20Stabbing/id-c4f5afe22b0a44e39c7d48d2ad510522

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Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Europe seeks to spur building of fast broadband networks

By Claire Davenport

BRUSSELS (Reuters) - The European Commission has set out rules aimed at reducing the cost of building high-speed broadband networks, in a move that shows how Brussels is seeking more power over the telecoms sector.

The initiative is important because European leaders are worried that debt-laden telecom operators' slow pace of investment is saddling the region with weak infrastructure that over time could hobble its already recession-wracked economies.

It also comes as the EU cuts funding for broadband rollouts. EU budget cuts, which must be approved by Parliament, hammered out in February cut such funding for rural projects to just 1 billion euros ($1.3 billion) from 9.2 billion.

The draft regulations issued on Tuesday, which Reuters reported in early February, requires new and renovated housing to be broadband ready, calls for ducts and other infrastructure to be shared among telcos on fair and reasonable terms and shortens the permitting process.

It also calls for water, electricity and gas companies to share their underground ducts with telecoms firms to cut the cost of creating high-speed broadband networks.

The Commission said digging up streets to lay fiber accounts for up to 80 percent of the cost of deploying new networks, adding that the new rules would save up to 60 billion euro.

The construction in Europe of fiber networks lags far behind Asia and some parts of the United States, worrying policymakers who see the infrastructure as a key motor for economic growth. Europe had 5.95 million fiber broadband customers by mid-2012, a fraction of the more than 58 million subscribers in Asia.

About half of Europeans still rely on internet technologies such as ADSL, which offers speeds of up to 30 megabits per second compared with 100 megabits or more for fiber.

Hampering the buildouts, the continent's debt-laden telecom operators such as Telefonica and Telecom Italia are wary of ploughing billions into fiber when the investments will take decades to pay off.

Another major obstacle has been the patchwork of regulations in the 27 member states of Europe on how telcos must share access to ducts and lines into homes, the cost of such line rentals, and also the technology deployed.

SHARED ACCESS

For example, in France, the telecoms regulator has said operators must share access to the final part of fiber into the home. But Spain hasn't gone that far, and in Germany, the regulator has backed Deutsche Telekom's plan to delay fiber and rely on another technology, known as VDSL, instead.

Each country also sets their own prices for competitors to rent space on each others' networks.

"This shows that the European Commission is interested in centralizing control," said analyst Robin Bienenstock at brokerage Bernstein.

A Commission source told Reuters the proposals were not about centralized planning but converging regulatory approaches to make them more consistent.

"In most places, today's rules hurt Europe's competitiveness," said European Commission Vice President Neelie Kroes in a statement. "Everyone deserves fast broadband. I want to burn the red tape that is stopping us for getting there."

The proposals are part of a bigger package of measures being rolled out by the Commission in coming months to try and deliver a single market for telecom services.

The Commission plans to present its ideas on the single market by October for debate by countries. The proposals may include tighter control of new mobile spectrum and changes to how prices are set for operators to rent out space on the networks of competitors, analysts have said.

Telecom bosses also hope the initiative will lead to a more permissive approach on mergers in the sector, although the top antitrust regulator in Brussels remains wary of such moves.

The ECTA, a trade body representing alternative operators that challenge former state-owned telcos, said it welcomed the effort to reduce the cost of broadband roll-outs.

"Reducing those costs would speed up the deployment of open networks and the provision of competitive communication services to businesses and consumers," said Tom Ruhan, ECTA's chairman.

ETNO, the lobby representing traditional telecom operators, said the Commission's rules should focus on where fiber projects were not getting off the ground, such as rural areas.

"This welcome step needs to be complemented by further reforms of the overall regulatory landscape aiming at targeting regulation to uncompetitive areas and real bottlenecks," said Daniel Pataki, ETNO's director. ($1 = 0.7763 euros)

(Additional reporting and writing by Leila Abboud; Editing by David Holmes)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/europe-seeks-spur-building-fast-broadband-networks-140702399--finance.html

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Tuesday, March 26, 2013

'If I had Glass' winners selected by Google, invites due out in coming days

Android Central

Even though they're still priced at a cool $1500 plus tax, it seems there's a whole lot of people who really want to get hold of Google Glass. The 'If I had Glass' competition offered 8,000 eager early adopters a chance to get in on the ground floor, and now those lucky thousands have been chosen. 

The Explorer Program is only for individuals, so companies such as JetBlue that came up with pretty awesome looking suggestions will have to wait it out for now. But, in the coming days the lucky individuals that have been chosen to hand over their money for Glass will be notified of their success. Google says that the response has been 'enthusiastic.' 

So, if you entered, and you win, be sure to let us know. We just hope that LeVar Burton was one of them. 

Source: +ProjectGlass



Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/O3lq3M2Z-GQ/story01.htm

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Artifacts shed light on social networks of the past

Mar. 25, 2013 ? Researchers studied thousands of ceramic and obsidian artifacts from A.D. 1200-1450 to learn about the growth, collapse and change of social networks in the late pre-Hispanic Southwest.

The advent of social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have made us all more connected, but long-distance social networks existed long before the Internet.

An article published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences sheds light on the transformation of social networks in the late pre-Hispanic American Southwest and shows that people of that period were able to maintain surprisingly long-distance relationships with nothing more than their feet to connect them.

Led by University of Arizona anthropologist Barbara Mills, the study is based on analysis of more than 800,000 painted ceramic and more than 4,800 obsidian artifacts dating from A.D. 1200-1450, uncovered from more than 700 sites in the western Southwest, in what is now Arizona and western New Mexico.

With funding from the National Science Foundation, Mills, director of the UA School of Anthropology, worked with collaborators at Archeology Southwest in Tucson to compile a database of more than 4.3 million ceramic artifacts and more than 4,800 obsidian artifacts, from which they drew for the study.

They then applied formal social network analysis to see what material culture could teach them about how social networks shifted and evolved during a period that saw large-scale demographic changes, including long-distance migration and coalescence of populations into large villages.

Their findings illustrate dramatic changes in social networks in the Southwest over the 250-year period between A.D. 1200 and 1450. They found, for example, that while a large social network in the southern part of the Southwest grew very large and then collapsed, networks in the northern part of the Southwest became more fragmented but persisted over time.

"Network scientists often talk about how increasingly connected networks become, or the 'small world' effect, but our study shows that this isn't always the case," said Mills, who led the study with co-principal investigator and UA alumnus Jeffery Clark, of Archaeology Southwest.

"Our long-term study shows that there are cycles of growth and collapse in social networks when we look at them over centuries," Mills said. "Highly connected worlds can become highly fragmented."

Another important finding was that early social networks do not appear to have been as restricted as expected by settlements' physical distance from one another. Researchers found that similar types of painted pottery were being created and used in villages as far as 250 kilometers apart, suggesting people were maintaining relationships across relatively large geographic expanses, despite the only mode of transportation being walking.

"They were making, using and discarding very similar kinds of assemblages over these very large spaces, which means that a lot of their daily practices were the same," Mills said. "That doesn't come about by chance; it has to come about by interaction -- the kind of interaction where it's not just a simple exchange but where people are learning how to make and how to use and ultimately discard different kinds of pottery."

"That really shocked us, this idea that you can have such long distance connections. In the pre-Hispanic Southwest they had no real vehicles, they had no beasts of burden, so they had to share information by walking," she said.

The application of formal social network analysis -- which focuses on the relationships among nodes, such as individuals, household or settlements -- is relatively new in the field of archaeology, which has traditionally focused more on specific attributes of those nodes, such as their size or function.

The UA study shows how social network analysis can be applied to a database of material culture to illustrate changes in network structures over time.

"We already knew about demographic changes -- where people were living and where migration was happening -- but what we didn't know was how that changed social networks," Mills said. "We're so used to looking traditionally at distributions of pottery and other objects based on their occurrence in space, but to see how social relationships are created out of these distributions is what network analysis can help with."

One of Mills's collaborators on the project was Ronald Breiger, renowned network analysis expert and a UA professor of sociology, with affiliations in statistics and government and public policy, who says being able to apply network analysis to archaeology has important implications for his field.

"Barbara (Mills) and her group are pioneers in bringing the social network perspective to archaeology and into ancient societies," said Breiger, who worked with Mills along with collaborators from the UA School of Anthropology; Archaeology Southwest; the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Hendrix College; the University of Colorado, Boulder; the Santa Fe Institute; and Archaeological XRF Laboratory in Albuquerque, N.M.

"What archaeology has to offer for a study of networks is a focus on very long-term dynamics and applications to societies that aren't necessarily Western, so that's broadening to the community of social network researchers," Breiger said. "The coming together of social network and spatial analysis and the use of material objects to talk about culture is very much at the forefront of where I see the field of social network analysis moving."

Going forward, Mills hopes to use the same types of analyses to study even older social networks.

"We have a basis for building on, and we're hoping to get even greater time depth. We'd like to extend it back in time 400 years earlier," she said. "The implications are we can see things at a spatial scale that we've never been able to look at before in a systematic way. It changes our picture of the Southwest."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Arizona. The original article was written by Alexis Blue.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Barbara J. Mills, Jeffery J. Clark, Matthew A. Peeples, W. R. Haas, Jr., John M. Roberts, Jr., J. Brett Hill, Deborah L. Huntley, Lewis Borck, Ronald L. Breiger, Aaron Clauset, and M. Steven Shackley. Transformation of social networks in the late pre-Hispanic US Southwest. PNAS, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219966110

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/0K6u-laZM0Y/130325184018.htm

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Monday, March 25, 2013

Questions remain after Obama?s Israel trip

President Obama almost made it through his trip to Israel without demonstrating the incoherence at the heart of his approach to the region. Almost.

If he now understands and can recite how many times Israel has offered the Palestinians their own state, why was he lecturing Israeli students on the unjustness of the Palestinians lack of statehood?

If he extolled Israeli democracy, why wasn?t he telling?Mahmoud Abbas to have free and fair elections?

If he understands that there are to be ?two states for two peoples,? why doesn?t he adopt as U.S. policy ? as he did with ?1967 borders? plus land swaps ? the truism that the right of return?for Palestinians must be only?to the Palestinian state?

If he respects the Israelis? elected government and its right to make decisions on its own, why go to a university to implore college kids to lobby their government to make peace? And what else could Israel offer that hasn?t been tried already?

The biggest impediment to peace, of course, is that the Palestinian Authority has made a pact with Hamas. Maybe Obama should have mentioned that and the impossibility of a Palestinian state so long as that embrace continues.

The problem with merely changing rhetoric is that exposes the gap between speeches and mindset and between rhetoric and actions.

Nevertheless, friends of Israel will be glad to hear that Obama will leave the fruitless peace processing to Secretary of State John Kerry and not use his own good offices to strong-arm Israel. And?Obama has dropped the ?illegitimate? modifier to ?settlements.?

The most curious part of the trip came at the very end. I?have a great deal of sympathy?with this sentiment expressed by the New York Sun:

Mr. Obama ended his visit by hornswoggling Prime Minister Netanyahu into apologizing to the Turkish premier, Recep Erdogan, for the deaths on the?Motor Vessel Mavi Marmarra.?We don?t fault Mr. Netanyahu. . . .?But sending the?Mavi Marmarra?to run Israel?s blockade was one of the most provocative acts any major country has ever countenanced against Israel. The blood of the nine dead is entirely on Turkish hands. It was the Turk who owed the apology. By maneuvering things the other way around Mr. Obama offered an incentive for more trouble that will mar the good feelings he seems so sincerely to want to engender.

Ironically, what?a U.N. investigation?defended (astonishingly for the United Nations)?? Israel?s right of self-defense and right to maintain a blockade? Obama pressured Israel to apologize for to the enablers of the raid.

One can argue that the terms if the apology are muted. It went to pains to reiterate that?Israel?s own report found there?were missteps (?In light of Israel?s investigation into the incident, which pointed to a number of operational mistakes, the prime minister expressed Israel?s apology to the Turkish people for any mistakes that might have led to the loss of life or injury?).

One can hope that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu got something more than restoration of diplomatic relations (A green light from Obama on Iran? A promise of bunker-buster bombs?) to make it worth his while. But to the outside world this will look like the United States leaning on Israel to apologize for defending itself. That, unfortunately, sends the wrong signal to the PA, Hamas, Turkey?and just about everyone in the region. And unless Israel got something very dear in return, it suggests that Obama still views Israel as the party responsible for conflict and violence.

Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/03/24/questions-remain-after-obamas-israel-trip/

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NEW YORK SUN: Sequester Joe Biden. ?Vice President Biden?s hotel bill in Paris ? the Drudge Re?

NEW YORK SUN: Sequester Joe Biden. ?Vice President Biden?s hotel bill in Paris ? the Drudge Report headlines it at $585,000.50 for a night at the Intercontinental, not including the ride in from the airport ? is prompting the futureofcapitalism.com to wonder why Amtrak?s most famous passenger failed to stay at the sprawling palace that serves as the residence of the American ambassador in the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honor?. A good question, to which we?d add our own: What was Mr. Biden, whose only constitutional duty is to serve in the Senate as its president, doing in Paris in the first place??

Good question.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/pjmedia/instapundit/~3/Itnqu_eC9EU/

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